Gastrointestinal

1. Acute abdominal trauma
2. Acute GI hemorrhage
3. Bowel infarction/obstruction/perforation
(e.g., mesenteric ischemia, adhesions)
4. GI surgeries
5. Hepatic failure/coma (e.g., portal hypertension,
cirrhosis, esophageal varicies)
6. Malnutrition and malabsorption
7. Pancreatiti